The International Phonetic Alphabet (2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Laryngeal
Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epi- glottal | Glottal
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ |
Plosive | p b | ȹ ȸ | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ |  | ʡ | ʔ |
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h ɦ
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ |  |  |
Trill | ʙ |  | r |  |  |  | ʀ |  | я |
Tap or Flap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ |  | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯
Lateral Fricative |  | ɬ ɮ |  |  |  |  |
Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Lateral Flap | ɺ |  | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ |

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced consonant, except for murmured ɦ. shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible. Light grey letters are unofficial extensions of the IPA

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Anterior click release (require posterior stops) | Voiced implosives | Ejectives
ʘ | Bilabial fricated | ɓ | Bilabial | ʼ | Example:
ǀ | Laminal alveolar fricated ("dental") | ɗ | Dental or Alveolar | pʼ | Bilabial
ǃ | Apical (post)alveolar abrupt ("retroflex") | ʄ | Palatal | tʼ | Dental or Alveolar
ǂ | Laminal postalveolar abrupt ("palatal") | ɠ | Velar | kʼ | Velar
ǁ | Lateral coronal fricated ("lateral") | ʛ | Uvular | sʼ | Alveolar fricative
|  | CONSONANTS (CO-ARTICULATED)
ʍ | Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w | Voiced labialized velar approximant
ɥ | Voiced labialized palatal approximant
ɕ | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
ʑ | Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x (disputed)
k͡p t͜s | Affricates and double articulations may be joined by a tie bar

VOWELS
| Front | Near front | Central | Near back | Back
Close |
i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ ɪ · ʏ · ʊ æ · ə ɐ ᵿ ᵻ ᴀ ᴇ
Near Close
Close mid
Mid
Open mid
Near open
Open
Vowels at right & left of bullets are rounded & unrounede. | SUPRASEGMENTALS
ˈ | Primary stress | " | Extra stress
ˌ | Secondary stress | [ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən]
eː | Long | eˑ | Half-long
e | Short | ĕ | Extra-short
. | Syllable break | ‿ | Linking (nobreak)
Intonation
| | Minor (foot) break
‖ | Major (intonation) break
↗ | Global rise | ↘ | Global fall
| TONE AND WORD ACCEENTS
Level tones | Contour-tone examples:
e̋ | ˥ | Top | ě | ˩˥ | Rising
é | ˦ | High | ê | ˥˩ | Falling
ē | ˧ | Mid | e᷄ | ˦˥ | High rising
è | ˨ | Low | e᷅ | ˩˨ | Low rising
ȅ | ˩ | Bottom | e᷇ | ˥˦ | High falling
Tone terracing | e᷆ | ˨˩ | Low falling
↑ | Upstep | e᷈ | ˧˦˧ | Peaking
↓ | Downstip | e᷉ | ˦˧˦ | Dipping

DIACRITICS | Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, as ŋ̊, Other IPA symbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: tˢ (fricative release), bʱ (breathy voice), ˀa (glottal onset),ᵊ (epenthetic schwa), oᶷ (diphthongization)

Syllabicity & Releases | Phonation | Primary Articulation | Secondary Articulation
n̩ ɹ̩ | Syllabic | n̥ d̥ | Voiceless or Slack voice | t̪ b̪ | Dental | tʷ dʷ | Labialized | ɔ̹ x̹ | More rounded
e̯ ʊ̯ | Non-syllabic | s̬ d̬ | Modal voice or Stiff voice | t̺ d̺ | Apical | tʲ dʲ | Palatalized | ɔ̜ x̜ʷ | Less rounded
tʰ dʰ | (Pre)aspirated | n̤ a | Breathy voice | t̻ d̻ | Laminal | tˠ dˠ | Velarized | ẽ z̃ | Nasalized
dⁿ | Nasal release | n̰ a̰ | Creaky voice | u̟ t̟ | Advanced | tˤ dˤ | Pharyngealized | ɚ ɝ | Rhoticity
dˡ | Lateral release | n a | Strident | i̠ t̠ | Retracted | ɫ z̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | e̘ o̘ | Advanced tongue root
t̚ | No audible release | n̼ d̼ | Linguolabial | ä j̈ | Centralized | u̽ | Mid-centralized | e̙ o̙ | Retracted tongue root
e̞ β̞ | Lowered (β̞ is a bilabial approximant) | e̝ ɹ̝ | Raised (ɹ̝ is a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, ɼ̝ a fricative trill)